GIP and diabetes mellitus: Notably, markers such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7), while implicated in both diabetes and obesity, may exhibit distinct patterns and quantitative variations at different stages.