INS and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: Impaired insulin signaling induces an overactivation of GSK-3 kinase, increases tau phosphorylation, alters tau modification, and neurofibrillary degeneration. This “type 3 diabetes” is a term proposed to describe the hypothesis that Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a type of insulin resistance and insulin-like growth factor dysfunction that occurs specifically in the brain.