Before initiating Atz/Bev combination therapy, patients with HCC exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of eotaxin, HGF, IL-2Ra, IL-8, IL-16, IP-10, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), MIG, SCF, SCGF-β, and stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α) compared with the healthy volunteers, as depicted in Figure 1. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.