For instance, mutations in MAPK pathway components like rat sarcoma (RAS) and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) genes (up to 40% mutations in human tumors such as thyroid cancer and melanoma, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer) contribute to drug resistance [23,24,25]. The gene discussed is BRAF; the disease is thyroid gland carcinoma.