We aim to conduct a descriptive review of the latest literature spanning the last five years (2018–2023), focusing on novel blood-based biomarkers of AD such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and p-Tau, markers of neurodegeneration, including t-Tau and Neurofilament Light (NfL), as well as a glial activation marker, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), exploring their associations with cognitive measures. This evidence concerns the gene NEFL and Alzheimer disease.