MAPK3 and cancer: The non-genomic pathway is the binding of thyroid hormones to integrin αvβ3 on the cell surface to activate the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K-Akt) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (MAPK/ERK 1/2) pathways, which stimulate cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis.