Although the concentrations of IL-13, IL-17A, MIP-1α/CCL3, PAI1, sCD14, IL-1β, CCL11/eotaxin, VEGF/VPF, and RANTES/CCL5 did not exhibit significant differences between the HIV and pneumonia and HIV-only groups, several reasons could explain this lack of disparity. Here, IL1B is linked to pneumonia.