CCL2 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: In our study, patients with HIV and pneumonia exhibit immune dysregulation, characterized by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1RA, IL-10), and chemokines (IP10, MCP-1, MIP-1β) in their plasma, compared to the HIV group.