MAPK3 and glioblastoma: Paraptosis can also be induced by hyperactivation of the type I growth factor-tyrosine kinase receptor insulin I (IGF-IR) [88]; while Zhang et al. [92] observed that paraptosis can be induced through activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 protein kinases in grape seeds and in human U87 GBM cells.