Age, dyspnea at rest, edema, rales, elevated JVP, heart rate, SBP, oxygen saturation, congestion on x-ray, BUN, troponin I or T,BNP, creatinine, HP, smoking, diabetes, AF, COPD, prior HF, IV diuretics given, time to earliest IV diuretics, IV vasoactives/vasodilators given, time to earliest IV vasoactives/vasodilators, invasive procedures performed (eg, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, coronary artery bypass graft, catheterization, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty), arrival by EMS, and loop diuretics, nitroglycerine, or morphine given by EMS. Here, NPPB is linked to atrial fibrillation.