PPIG and chronic cystitis: Here we have shown for the first time that a 3:1 mixture of micronized palmitoyl-glucosamine and the antioxidant flavonoid hesperidin (PGA-HSP) exerts beneficial effects in a rat model of CYP-induced chronic cystitis by reducing inflammation (both at bladder and spinal level, i.e., neuroinflammation), relieving pain and protecting the urothelial barrier.