TNF and Alzheimer disease: An example of this is miRNA-1224, which significantly increases following exposure to LPS, thereby contributing to LPS-induced inflammation by regulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha or (TNF-α) through an SP1 binding site, associated with increased levels of miRNA-1224 in AD patients, suggesting a potential link between LPS, a component of Gram-negative bacteria, and the pathogenesis of AD (Niu et al., 2011; Candido et al., 2019).