IL1B and infection: During host cell infection with DENV, first, signal 1 is activated: cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors sense DENV viral RNA and trigger the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby upregulating the transcription of pro-caspase-1, the NLRP3 inflammasome, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18 (Shrivastava et al., 2020a).