AKT1 and Parkinson disease: As an illustration, IGF-1 and FGF21 have been demonstrated to mitigate apoptosis by activating protein kinase B (Akt) in animal models of AD and PD, as well as in vitro cellular models employing SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells (Wang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Fang et al., 2020).