Inflammation can also cause microbes, like Escherichia and Shigella species, to produce proinflammatory cytokines elevated in AD, such as IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which can change behavior and induce anxiety, depression and memory loss [244]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.