VCAM1 and Alzheimer disease: Current blood AD biomarkers include pathogenic AD proteins (Aß40, Aß42, T-Tau, and P-Tau), neurodegeneration markers (neurofilament light (NFL) and neurogranin), and inflammation markers (interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), progranulin, SDF-1, soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like (sST2), and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1)) [17].