ACTA1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Interestingly, Bonifazi M et al. [23] also showed that IPF LR-MSC induced the expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, TGFβ, COLA1A, and αSMA, in co-culture with control MSC or fibroblasts, indicating that IPF LR-MSC induces, in vitro, a pathological phenotype in the surrounding cells.