TNF and colitis: In addition, increased lipid peroxidation, carbonyl protein groups, and nitric oxide (NO), as well as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-1β, interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was observed in mice pre-exposed to acrylamide prior to colitis induction, thus displaying several increased biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation [40].