TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interferon-γ, and IL-1β have been recognized to contribute to intestinal barrier dysfunction and exacerbate inflammatory responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) have been reported to be positively associated with intestinal barrier tissue repair during the course of inflammatory bowel disease [30].