While certain signaling pathways, such as STAT6 and PPARγ, along with parasitic infections, have the capacity to induce M2 macrophages to produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13), as well as express markers such as Arg1, TGF-β, CD163, CD206, VEGF, and MMPs, these signaling molecules accelerate TME remodeling, angiogenesis and tumor growth [20]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.