GBP5 is also upregulated in viral infections such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.20–22 The DUSP3 gene regulates inflammatory responses via control of the ERK and JNK pathways, which might also be upregulated in other diseases.23 Thus, the lower specificity in people living with HIV might be due to a higher prevalence of incipient or extrapulmonary tuberculosis being missed and thus being an underestimate. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and viral infectious disease.