CCL2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Younger age and early ALS stage measured by ALSFRS-R scores and an inverse transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) ratio after MSC treatment were significant predictors of good prognosis in patients with ALS.29,38 Notably, a change in the TGF-β/MCP-1 ratio in CSF, which reflects the patient’s immune-inflammation status, between baseline and after treatment was significantly related to prognosis and long-term outcomes.