In multiple cancer types, including ovarian cancer (Fig. 6h), leukemia (Fig. 6i), and melanoma (Fig. 6j), high cytotoxic T cell score is associated with an overall survival benefit only when CUL5 expression is low, while high CUL5 expression abolishes and even reverses the beneficial effects of infiltrating cytotoxic T cells. Here, CUL5 is linked to leukemia.