TNF and neoplasm: In the progression of the tumor, especially in the advanced stage, tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the TME, such as Treg cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, M2 macrophages, and other suppressors in the TME, contribute to immunotherapy resistance.[72,73] These cells can restrict effector T-cell function and promote recruitment and initiation of immunosuppressive cells by secreting cytokines, including interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and interferon gamma.[74]