BMPR2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The metabolic defects of obesity and IR were also implicated with the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family receptor, called BMPR2, which is a serine/threonine kinase involved in different cellular functions, including the growth and differentiation of SMCs and endothelial cells, being important in vasculogenesis (50).