CNP and heart failure: Akin to NRG-1β, CNP has been linked to crosstalk functions across various cells in the heart, and henceforth coordinating and preserving coronary vasoreactivity, cardiac function, and cardiac structure.31 Clinical studies have indicated increasing levels of CNP with worsening degrees of heart failure (HF),32,33 but such correlations have not been confirmed by others.34 Ischaemic burden (±haemodynamic load) may influence CNP levels,35 and CNP levels may reflect at high-CV risk.36 Indeed, CNP has been considered a vascular marker as much as, if not more than, a cardiac marker.