VEGFA and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Nevertheless, RT can increase the concentration of immunosuppressive cells in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment (TME), and the magnitude of this effect seems to depend on RT details: hypofractionated RT increases T-cell tumor infiltration, downregulates intratumoral immunosuppressive vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and leads to a lower increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as compared to conventionally fractionated RT (56).