Even so, activated DCs have found to be accumulated at sites of intestinal inflammation expressing a wide variety of characteristics markers, including (but not limited to) CD80, CD86, CD103, CD83, IRF4 or TLRs, and producing cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, which produce disruptions in the immune system and drive IBD progression. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.