CXCL12 and prostate carcinoma: CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in prostate cancer cells has been shown to express several members of soluble and membrane-type metalloproteinases, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-11, and MMP-14 whose expression contribute to cellular migration and invasion29–31.