TNF and acute pancreatitis: The oral administration of mirabilite (Liu et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2021) or its external application (Zhu et al., 2004; Lu, 2017; Chen et al., 2020) can effectively inhibit the levels of serum AMS, LPS, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and NO in rats with acute pancreatitis and weaken the upregulation of TNF-α and NF-κB genes, thereby reducing the degree of pancreatitis and the level of inflammatory factors and protecting the pancreatic tissues (Ramudo et al., 2005; Malleo et al., 2007; Shen et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2023).