ALB and delirium: This is consistent with previous research findings that inadequate postoperative pain management [61], prolonged anesthesia duration [63], electrolyte imbalance, metabolic abnormalities [64], abnormal liver and kidney function [3], carbon dioxide retention [65], monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) [66], and decreased serum albumin [67] can all contribute to the occurrence of postoperative delirium.