This pilot randomised trial examined the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of HIFT compared to LIFT for elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment in cognition (processing speed, memory, learning, and attention), fitness (balance, walking endurance, gait speed, strength, and mobility) and biochemical outcomes (FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, SBP, and DBP). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.