PKM and urinary bladder carcinoma: Wang et al. showed that, in addition to indirectly activating PKM2 transcription, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) also activated ALYREF, which then bound to PKM2 m5C sites in 3'-untranslated regions, stabilized PKM2, and encouraged the growth of bladder cancer cells through PKM2-mediated glycolysis14.