IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: During this process, infected cells and phagocytic cells recognize and bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns through pathogen recognition receptors (such as Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) [118], Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) [119], and TLR7 [120]), thereby activating downstream pathways related to interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and other transcription factors, and generating IFN and inflammatory responses to combat viral infection.