TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: In particular, altered methylation at two CpG sites located in different regions of the LTA locus, i.e., cg03599224 (located near LTA/TNF within the HLA class III locus) and cg16280132 (located at 5’UTR of LTA gene) had a consistent effect on IBD, judged by both their potential effect on gene expression and the beta value derived in epigenetic MR and IBD EWAS (Tables 3 and 4).