Moreover, in synovial cells obtained from RA patients, TNF-α blockade significantly reduces the production of other pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects 54. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and rheumatoid arthritis.