GFAP and Hyperglycemia: While persistent astrocyte reactivity, identified by an enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and increased number of GFAP+ astrocytes, similar to that observed in AD, has been described in models of T1D and T2D in rats [48, 49], other authors reported attenuated GFAP expression in different areas of the brain of rats with T1D [50] or astrocytes exposed to hyperglycemia in vitro [51].