HIF1A and atherosclerosis: Hypoxia, characterized bylow oxygen levels, occurs in variousphysiological and pathological conditions, including ischemic disorders,atherosclerosis, and cancer.3,4 Hypoxia induces thestabilization of the subunit α of the hypoxia-inducible factor1 (HIF-1α), triggering a cellular adaptive response mediatedby HIF-1, which regulates transcription under hypoxia.3,4 Mitochondria are major targets of this process, as HIF-1αcan inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, limiting substratesfor oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS).5