TNF and skin neoplasm: By activating the AKT-signaling pathway, TDNs decreased the production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in HaCaT cells and boosted the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in HSF cells.118 Thus, TDNs could be used to deliver such agents to the skin tumor because of the penetration efficiency and bioactivity.