VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, gene expression analysis indicated that hesperidin downregulated key genes associated with diabetes and hyperglycemia, such as Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), RAGE, monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), p65, and vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), potentially mitigating GDM-related complications.