GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): Anaemia or low Hb levels may stimulate changes in placental angiogenesis and affect placental transit function.33 As a result, it reduces the oxygen supply and nutrient supplementation to the fetus, resulting in intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight.34 Increased placental vascularisation in women with low Hb levels suggests earlier placental maturation, which may contribute to an increased risk of preterm birth.34 Our study discovered that pregnant women with underweight were associated with severe anaemia.