TLR9 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Further research indicates that LPS can activate toll-like receptors 4 and 9 (TLR4 and TLR9), subsequently triggering the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a process believed to be involved in the fibrotic progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [146].