SCAF11 and bacterial infectious disease: Importantly, however, Casp11 catalytic activity was dispensable for speck formation when BMDMs were infected with the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen L. pneumophila, suggesting that additional mechanisms may exist to induce Casp11 speck formation without the need for autoprocessing in the setting of bacterial infection, potentially via the ability of bacteria serving as platforms to facilitate higher-order oligomerization.