Patients with CKD frequently exhibit a phenotype of microinflammation as illustrated by upregulation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of inflammation in CKD, including IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and hsCRP (Table 1) [15–17]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease.