In endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) IS increased IL-6 release in via AhR and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation [64] which could be confirmed on tissue level in aortas of CKD rats exposed to additional high IS concentrations that showed an activation of inflammatory pathways as compared to CKD rats without additional IS [65]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and chronic kidney disease.