MANF and ischemia: Since cerebral MANF protein levels are changed after ischemia, MANF secretion is known to be induced upon ER Ca2+ depletion [21, 26], and increased serum MANF protein levels have been reported in Parkinson’s disease patients and newly diagnosed diabetic patients [18, 19, 73], we studied whether circulating MANF in serum could be used as a biomarker for ischemic stroke.