ASZ1 and infection: As E gene measurement during infection captures genomic RNA (gRNA) as well as E, S and Orf3 subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs), we compared the levels of intracellular E RNA with those of Nsp12 and Orf1a (compare Extended Data Fig. 1h,i with Fig. 1b and Extended Data Fig. 1k,l with Extended Data Fig. 1j), which are uniquely encoded within gRNA.