TGFB1 and triple-A syndrome: For example, administration of TGFβ neutralizing antibodies appeared to promote excessive monocyte-macrophage infiltration within murine and rat AAA tissue29,73, while overexpression or administration of TGFβ1 significantly increased aortic wall collagen deposition74, and collagen synthesis in normal arteries75.Recent studies demonstrated that TGFβ content is reduced in human AAA tissue76, and ketosis promoted TGFβ-induced myocardial fibrosis and Collagen 1 and 3 deposition in spontaneously hypertensive rats77.