We first characterized the C1498 AML-derived EVs (C1498-EVAML) (Supplementary Fig. 4A, B) and confirmed the presence of lipid bilayer morphology vesicles with particle size of 131.0 ± 58.7 nm and enriched with known EV protein biomarkers (Alix, Cd63, and Tsg101) (Supplementary Fig. 4C, F). Here, PDCD6IP is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.