The exact outcome of changed microbial diversity has not been elucidated, but studies have previously shown that an increase in α-diversity is often associated with improved survival and therapeutic consequences in several cancers (e.g., cervical cancer) by increasing the tumor infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes as well as activated subsets of CD4 cells expressing ki67+ and CD69+.199 The growth of lung tumors is related to an increase in the number of bacteria and changes in bacterial composition in the airway. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and cervical carcinoma.