IL1B and infection: In humans, the TLR family comprises10 different family members (TLR1–TLR10), each recognizingdifferent ligands.2 In addition to TLRs,soluble mediators such as cytokines play an important role in innateand adaptive immunity; in particular, infection or tissue and cellstress prompts different immune cells to produce cytokines of theinterleukin (IL)-1 family, which includes IL-1, IL-18, IL-33, andIL-36.