Specific genes with documented roles in host defense against influenza and other viral infections that were downregulated in AMØs include Ripk3 (30), Msr1 (31), Cxcl17 (32), C1q (33), C4a (34), C4b (35), Cfh (36), Ch25h (37), Ccl17 (38), Cd200 (39), Gbp6 (40), Iigp1 (41), Pyhin1 (42), and the IFN-stimulated antiviral effector Oasl2 (43). This evidence concerns the gene C4A and influenza.