NFKB1 and ulcer disease: In parallel with the changes in cytokine levels, gastric NF-κB expression, which is the mediator of pro-inflammatory gene induction, was also elevated in the saline-treated ulcer group (p < 0.001; Fig. 5), and this upregulation of NF-κB expression was depressed by omeprazole or NPW alone or NPW along with any of the COX-inhibitors (p < 0.01–0.001).